Tendencias léxicas, emocionales y temáticas de los debates presidenciales. Casos México, Estados Unidos y Ecuador

Ángel Torres-Toukoumidis; Santiago Castro-Arias; Moisés Pallo-Chiguano; Andrea Mila-Maldonado

doi:10.5294/pacla.2025.28.4.2

Autores

Ángel Torres-Toukoumidis Autor Politecnica Salesiana University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7727-3985
Santiago Castro-Arias Autor Politecnica Salesiana University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5684-8006
Moisés Pallo-Chiguano Autor Politecnica Salesiana University https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3007-410X
Andrea Mila-Maldonado Autor Universidade de Vigo , Universidad Internacional de la Rioja https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8683-7255

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2025.28.4.2

Palavras-chave:

Análise do discurso, comunicação política, discurso eleitoral, emoções midiáticas, processamento de linguagem natural, retórica presidencial

Resumo

Este artigo analisa comparativamente debates presidenciais recentes no México, nos Estados Unidos e no Equador, identificando tendências lexicais, emocionais e temáticas por meio de técnicas de processamento de linguagem natural. Foram examinados cinco debates oficiais entre 2024 e 2025, mediante análises léxicas, afetivas e temáticas, utilizando frequências e diversidade vocabular, distribuição das emoções, polaridade e redes temáticas. Os resultados indicam forte personalização do discurso centrado nos candidatos, com maior riqueza lexical nos Estados Unidos, repetição no México e focalização temática no Equador. Emoções como confiança e antecipação dominaram nos três contextos, seguidas pelo medo, o que revela estratégias de mobilização contidas. Os índices de legibilidade foram alarmantemente baixos, o que gera tensões na acessibilidade cidadã à linguagem política. Tematicamente, o Equador priorizou a segurança e a governabilidade, o México abordou programas sociais e questões de gênero, e os Estados Unidos enfatizaram a política externa e a liderança institucional. O estudo mostra que, embora cada país articule prioridades políticas diferentes, os debates funcionam como plataforma estratégica, em que liderança, gestão emocional e construção temática se combinam à lógica midiática que caracteriza as democracias contemporâneas.

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