Rol de las relaciones públicas en los destinos turísticos que sufren atentados terroristas: análisis de la comunicación de crisis realizada en Londres, Mánchester y París tras los atentados de 2017

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.6

Palabras clave:

Relaciones públicas, organizaciones de marketing de los destinos, redes sociales, gestión de crisis, terrorismo, Europa, comunicación, comunicación de crisis

Resumen

Los atentados terroristas suponen crisis para los destinos turísticos. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es verificar cómo las Organizaciones de Marketing de los Destinos de Londres, Manchester y París (OMDs) gestionaron dicha crisis durante y después de los atentados en 2017, desde una perspectiva de las Relaciones Públicas. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de contenido de los tuits publicados en las cuentas oficiales de los destinos a lo largo de 30 días tras los atentados terroristas. Los resultados muestran que las 3 OMDs centraron sus esfuerzos comunicativos en la difusión de contenidos de promoción turística para gestionar la crisis, pero comunicaron poco o nada lo ocurrido en el atentado. Asimismo, las Organizaciones de Marketing de los Destinos apostaron por imágenes fijas y textos como recursos de información para difundir sus contenidos.

Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo

Huertas, A., Oliveira, A. y Balagué López, N. (2021). Rol de las relaciones públicas en los destinos turísticos que sufren atentados terroristas: análisis de la comunicación de crisis realizada en Londres, Mánchester y París tras los atentados de 2017. Palabra Clave, 24(1), e2416. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.6

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Assumpció Huertas, Universitat Rovira i Virgili

Profesora titular en el Departament d'Estudis de Comunicació, Universitat Rovira i Virgili.

Andrea Oliveira, Universitat de Girona

Doctora en ciencias de la comunicación por la Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV). Profesora de gestión de la comunicación en crisis y de imagen corporativa en la Universitat de Girona y de Técnicas de relaciones públicas en la URV. Sus intereses se centran en el estudio de los públicos en las relaciones públicas y en la comunicación corporativa. Participa en un proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología sobre la comunicación del patrimonio cultural de los museos. Autora de varios diversos artículos en revistas de prestigio a nivel internacional.

Citas

Araña, J. E. y León, C. J. (2008). The impact of terrorism on tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.08.003

Atresmedia (2017, 17 de agosto). Las fuerzas de seguridad piden no publicar las imágenes del operativo desplegado por el atentado en las Ramblas. Atresmedia Noticias. https://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/fuerzas-seguridad-piden-publicar-imagenes-atentado-ramblas_201708175995c7eb0cf2e2ea35529064.html

Avery, E. J., Lariscy, R. W., Kim, S. y Hocke, T. (2010). A quantitative review of crisis communication research in public relations from 1991 to 2009. Public Relations Review, 36(2), 190-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.01.001

Avraham, E. (2015). Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings. Tourism Management, 47, 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.003

Avraham, E. y Ketter, E. (2008). Will we be safe there? Analysing strategies for altering unsafe place images. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(3), 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2008.10

Baloglu, S. y McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4

Beirman, D. (2002). Marketing of tourism destinations during a prolonged crisis: Israel and the Middle East. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(2), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670200800206

Benoit, W. L. (1997). Image repair discourse and crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 23(2), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(97)90023-0

Briones, R. L., Kuch, B., Liu, B. F. y Jin, Y. (2011). Keeping up with the digital age: How the American Red Cross uses social media to build relationships. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.12.006

Bruns, A. y Hanusch, F. (2017). Conflict imagery in a connective environment: Audiovisual content on Twitter following the 2015/2016 terror attacks in Paris and Brussels. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1122-1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717725574

Capriotti, P., Carretón, C. y Castillo, A. (2016). Testing the level of interactivity of institutional websites: From museums 1.0 to museums 2.0. International Journal of Information Management, 36(1), 97-104. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.10.003

Capriotti, P. y Ruejas, L. (2018). How CEOs use Twitter: A comparative analysis of Global and Latin American companies. International Journal of Information Management, 39(1), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.01.003

Capriotti, P., Zeler, I. y Oliveira, A. (2019). Comunicación dialógica 2.0 en Facebook: Análisis de la interacción en las organizaciones de América Latina. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 74, 1094-1113. DOI: 10.4185/RLCS-2019-1373

Castillo, A., Carriilo-Durán, M. V. y Luengo-Chávez, G. (2019). La comunicación de la marca de las cadenas hoteleras a través de sus sedes web: propuesta de un modelo para su gestión. Palabra Clave, 22(2), e22211. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2019.22.2.11

Chen, C. F. y Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007

Chew, E. Y. T. y Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008

Cho, H. y Boster, F. J. (2005). Development and validation of value-, outcome-, and impression-relevant involvement scales. Communication Research, 32(2), 235-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650204273764

Choi, J. (2012). Crisis communication through Twitter. En S. Duhé (ed.), New media and public relations (2.ª ed., pp. 311-319). Peter Lang PublishingInc.

Chung, A. Q. H., Andreev, P., Benyoucef, M., Duane, A. y O’Reilly, P. (2017). Managing an organisation’s social media presence: An empirical stages of growth model. International Journal of Information Management, 37(1), 1405-1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.10.003

Coombs, W. T. (1998). An analytic framework for crisis situations: Better responses from a better understanding of the situation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 10(3), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1003_02

Coombs, W. T. (2007). Attribution theory as a guide for post-crisis communication research. Public Relations Review, 33(2), 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.11.016

Coombs, W. T. (2015). The value of communication during a crisis: Insights from strategic communication research. Business Horizons, 58(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.10.003

Crijns, H., Cauberghe, V. y Hudders, L. (2017). Terrorism threat in Belgium: The resilience of Belgian citizens and the protection of governmental reputation by means of communication. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.10.006

Dougherty, D. (1992). Crisis communications: What every executive needs to know. Walker.

Fowler, B. M. (2017). Stealing thunder and filling the silence: Twitter as a primary channel of police crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 43(4), 718-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.007

Freberg, K., Palenchar, M. J. y Veil, S. R. (2013). Managing and sharing H1N1 crisis information using social media bookmarking services. Public Relations Review, 39(3), 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.02.007

Goodrich, J. N. (1978). The relationship between preferences for and perceptions of vacation destinations: Application of a choice model. Journal of Travel Research, 17(2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757801700202

Granville, F., Mehta, A. y Pike, S. (2016). Destinations, disasters and public relations: Stakeholder engagement in multi-phase disaster management. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.02.001

Greer, C. F. y Ferguson, D. A. (2011). Using Twitter for promotion and branding: A content analysis of local television Twitter sites. Journal of Broadcasting y Electronic Media, 55(2), 198-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.570824

Guidry, J., Jin, Y., Orr, C. A., Messner, M. y Meganck, S. (2017). Ebola on Instagram and Twitter: How health organizations address the health crisis in their social media engagement. Public Relations Review, 34(4), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.009

Guo, S. J. (2017). The 2013 Boston marathon bombing: Publics’ emotions, coping, and organizational engagement. Public Relations Review, 43(4), 755-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.07.003

Huertas, A. (2008). Public relations and tourism: Fighting for the role of public relations in tourism. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 406-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.07.001

Hunt, J. D. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757501300301

Jaeger, P. T., Shneiderman, B., Fleischmann, K. R., Preece, J., Qu, Y. y Wu, P. F. (2007). Community response grids: E-government, social networks, and effective emergency management. Telecommunications Policy, 31(10), 592-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2007.07.008

Ketter, E. (2016). Destination image restoration on Facebook: The case study of Nepal’s Gurkha Earthquake. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.02.003

Kievik, M., ter Huurne, E. F. y Gutteling, J. M. (2012). The action suited to the word? Use of the framework of risk information seeking to understand risk-related behaviors. Journal of risk research, 15(2), 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2011.601318

Knight, M. y Carpenter, S. (2012). Optimal matching model of social support: An examination of how national product and service companies use Twitter to respond to consumers. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 27(2), 21-35. https://www.academia.edu/7176975/Optimal_matching_model_of_social_support_An_examination_of_how_national_product_and_service_companies_use_Twitter_to_respond_to_the_public

Krakover, S. (2005). Estimating the effect of atrocious events on the flow of tourists to Israel. En G. Ashworth y R. Hartmann (eds.), Horror and human tragedy revisited: The management of sites of atrocities for tourism (pp. 183-194). Cognizant Communication Corporation.

Lee, W. y Gretzel, U. (2012). Designing persuasive destination websites: A mental imagery processing perspective. Tourism Management, 33(5), 1270-1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.012

Lerbinger, O. (2011). The crisis manager: Facing disasters, conflicts, and failures. Routledge.

Liu, B. F. y Fraustino, J. D. (2014). Beyond image repair: Suggestions for crisis communication theory development. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 543-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.04.004

Liu, B. F., Austin, L. y Jin, Y. (2011). How publics respond to crisis communication strategies: The interplay of information form and source. Public Relations Review, 37(4), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.004

Liu, A. y Pratt, S. (2017). Tourism’s vulnerability and resilience to terrorism. Tourism Management, 60, 404-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.001

Llanos Martínez, H. (2016). ¿Quién regula las imágenes de víctimas de atentados en la era de las redes sociales? El País. https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2016/07/15/articulo/1468569905_007905.html

Martínez Solana, M. Y., Nogueira Frazão, A. G. y Valarezo, K. P. (2017). Gestión de la comunicación de crisis en los atentados de 2017 en reino unido: propuesta de un protocolo 2.0 para la comunicación de crisis. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 72, 1566-1591. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2017-1235

Milman, A. y Pizam, A. (1995). The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: The central Florida case. Journal of Travel Research, 33(3), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759503300304

Nadeau, J., Heslop, L., O’Reilly, N. y Luk, P. (2008). Destination in a country image context. Annals of tourism Research, 35(1), 84-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.012

Oliveira, A. y Huertas, A. (2018). La comunicación de crisis de Barcelona tras el atentado terrorista. Revista Internacional de relaciones públicas, 8(15), 5-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5783/RIRP-15-2018-02-05-22

Oliveira, A. y Huertas, A. (2019). How do destinations use Twitter to recover their images after a terrorist attack? Journal of Destination Marketing y Management, 12, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.03.002

Pletikosa Cvijikj, I. y Michahelles, F. (2013). Online engagement factors on Facebook brand pages. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3(4), 843-861. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-013-0098-8

Pizam, A. (1999). A comprehensive approach to classifying acts of crime and violence at tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800103

Pizam, A. y Mansfeld, Y. (2006). Toward a theory of tourism security. En Y. Mansfeld y A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, security and safety: From theory to practice (pp. 1-27). Routledge.

Richter, L. K. y Waugh Jr, W. L. (1986). Terrorism and tourism as logical companions. Tourism Management, 7(4), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(86)90033-6

Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25(6), 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004

Ryan, C. (1993). Crime, violence, terrorism and tourism: An accidental or intrinsic relationship? Tourism Management, 14(3), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(93)90018-G

Schultz, F., Utz, S. y Göritz, A. (2011). Is the medium the message? Perceptions of and reactions to crisis communication via twitter, blogs and traditional media. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.12.001

Seltzer, T. y Mitrook, M. A. (2007). The dialogic potential of weblogs in relationship building. Public Relations Review, 33(2), 227-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2007.02.011

Shuai, X., Pepe, A. y Bollen, J. (2012). How the scientific community reacts to newly submitted preprints: Article downloads, twitter mentions, and citations. PloSone, 7(11), e47523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047523

Sönmez, S. F., Apostolopoulos, Y. y Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800104

Stephens, K. K. y Malone, P. C. (2009). If the organizations won’t give us information: The use of multiple new media for crisis technical translation and dialogue. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802557605

Sweetser, K. D. y Metzgar, E. (2007). Communicating during crisis: Use of blogs as a relationship management tool. Public Relations Review, 33(3), 340-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2007.05.016

Ulmer, R. R. y Sellnow, T. L. (2002). Crisis management and the discourse of renewal: Understanding the potential for positive outcomes of crisis. Public Relations Review, 28(4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(02)00165-0

Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W. y Sellnow, T. L. (2007). Post-crisis communication and renewal: Expanding the parameters of post-crisis discourse. Public Relations Review, 33(2), 130-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.11.015

Uşaklı, A., Koç, B. y Sönmez, S. (2017). How ‘social’ are destinations? Examining European DMO social media usage. Journal of Destination Marketing y Management, 16(2), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.02.001

Van der Meer, T. G. y Verhoeven, P. (2013). Public framing organizational crisis situations: Social media versus news media. Public Relations Review, 39(3), 229-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.12.001

Wan, S., Koh, R., Ong, A. y Pang, A. (2015). Parody social media accounts: Influence and impact on organizations during crisis. Public Relations Review, 41(3), 381-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.01.002

Wang, B. y Zhuang, J. (2017). Crisis information distribution on Twitter: A content analysis of tweets during Hurricane Sandy. Natural Hazards, 89(1), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2960-x

Xu, J. y Wu, Y. (2015). Using Twitter in crisis management for organizations bearing different country-of-origin perceptions. Journal of Communication Management, 19(3), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-06-2013-0050

Zhang, G., Yang, Y. y Mao, X. (2011). Disaster recovery evaluation PROC model framework based on information flow. En Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), 2011 International Conference on (vol. 3, pp. 1841-1845). IEEE. 10.1109/ICCSNT.2011.6182328

Descargas

Publicado

2021-03-12

Cómo citar

Huertas, A., Oliveira, A., & Balagué López, N. (2021). Rol de las relaciones públicas en los destinos turísticos que sufren atentados terroristas: análisis de la comunicación de crisis realizada en Londres, Mánchester y París tras los atentados de 2017. Palabra Clave, 24(1), e2416. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.6

Número

Sección

Artículos