Desvelar vínculos parasociales: la mediación de la alfabetización publicitaria en la receptividad adolescente ante el marketing de influencers

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2025.28.2.7

Palabras clave:

Relaciones parasociales, marketing de influencia, publicidad digital, adolescencia, alfabetización publicitaria, influencer

Resumen

Este estudio analiza cómo la alfabetización publicitaria influye en la relación entre los vínculos parasociales y la receptividad adolescente al marketing de influencia. A partir de un enfoque cuantitativo y la aplicación de un cuestionario a 1055 adolescentes españoles de 12 a 17 años, los resultados indican que una conexión emocional más sólida con los influencers se vincula con un incremento en la aceptación de sus publicaciones patrocinadas. No obstante, la alfabetización publicitaria atenúa parcialmente esta susceptibilidad, evidenciando la necesidad de implementar estrategias educativas y regulatorias integrales. Asimismo, el análisis revela que los vínculos parasociales pueden incrementar la receptividad juvenil ante la publicidad híbrida. En consecuencia, se propone fortalecer los programas de alfabetización publicitaria y establecer marcos que trasciendan la mera señalización de contenido patrocinado con el objeto de mitigar el impacto de estas relaciones.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Arbaiza, F., Robledo-Dioses, K. y Lamarca, G. (2024). Advertising literacy: 30 years in scientific studies. Comunicar, 32(78), 166-178. https://doi.org/10.58262/V32I78.14

Berthelot-Guiet, K. (2020). The digital “advertising call”: An archeology of advertising literacy. En G. Meiselwitz (ed.), Social computing and social media: Participation, user experience, consumer experience, and applications of social computing (pp. 278-294). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49576-3_21

Bhattacharya, A. (2023). Parasocial interaction in social media influencer-based marketing: An SEM approach. Journal of Internet Commerce, 22(2), 272-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2022.2049112

Bond, B. J. (2016). Following your “friend”: Social media and the strength of adolescents’ parasocial relationships with media personae. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(11), 656-660. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0355

Breves, P., Amrehn, J., Heidenreich, A., Liebers, N. y Schramm, H. (2021). Blind trust? The importance and interplay of parasocial relationships and advertising disclosures in explaining influencers’ persuasive effects on their followers. International Journal of Advertising, 40(7), 1209-1229. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2021.1881237

Breves, P., Liebers, N. T., Meijers, M. H. C. y Van Berlo, Z. M. C. (2025). Beyond likes: The persuasive potential of romantic parasocial relationships with influencers. International Journal of Advertising, 44(5), 651-673, https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2024.2407737

Čábyová, L. y Hudáková, V. (2022). Social media use and adolescents’ levels of advertising literacy. Media Literacy and Academic Research, 5(2), 147-163. https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-7fa38de5-590b-4345-a710-b1940858a7bd

Conde, R. y Casais, B. (2023). Micro, macro and mega-influencers on Instagram: The power of persuasion via the parasocial relationship. Journal of Business Research, 158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113708

De Jans, S., Cauberghe, V. y Hudders, L. (2018). How and advertising disclosure alerts young adolescents to sponsored vlogs: The moderating role of a peer-based advertising literacy intervention through and informational vlog. Journal of Advertising, 47(4), 309-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2018.1539363

De Jans, S., Van de Sompel, D., De Veirman, M. y Hudders, L. (2020). #Sponsored! How the recognition of sponsoring on Instagram posts affects adolescents’ brand evaluations through source evaluations. Computers in Human Behavior, 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106342

Degen, J. L. (2023). Rationalizing fiction cues: Psychological effects of disclosing ads and the inaccuracy of the human mind when being in parasocial relationships. Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline, 26, 85-101. https://doi.org/10.28945/5108

Dekoninck, H., Van-Houtven, E. y Schmuck, D. (2023). Inspiring G(re)en Z: Unraveling (para)social bonds with influencers and perceptions of their environmental content. Environmental Communication, 17(7), 701-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2023.2237693

European Commission. (2024). Spain 2024 digital decade country report. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/node/12846/printable/pdf

Feijoo, B. y Sádaba, C. (2021). Is my kid that naive? Parents’ perceptions of their children’s attitudes towards advertising on smartphones in Chile. Journal of Children and Media, 15(4), 476-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1866626

Feijoo, B. y Sádaba, C. (2022). When ads become invisible: Minors’ advertising literacy while using mobile phones. Media and Communication, 10(1), 339-349. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i1.4720

Feijoo, B. y Vizcaíno-Verdú, A. (2024). To be fit, or not to be: How influencer-driven advertising reinforces idealized beauty standards in adolescents. Journal of Marketing Communications. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2024.2406511

Ferrer-López, M. (2020). Neuromarketing y la medición del efecto de la publicidad de influencers en adolescentes. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 11(2), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM2020.11.2.11

Flecha-Ortiz, J. A., Feliberty-Lugo, V., Santos-Corrada, M., Lopez, E. y Dones, V. (2023). Hedonic and utilitarian gratifications to the use of TikTok by Generation Z and the parasocial relationships with influencers as mediating force to purchase intention. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 23(2), 114-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2023.2195403

Gil-Quintana, J., Ruiz, R. F. y Moreno-Muro, M. A. (2022). Influencers deportivos y su repercusión en el consumo, la actividad física y su proyección en redes sociales por los adolescentes andaluces (España). Retos, 43, 591-602. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.89518

González-Larrea, B., Hernández-Serrano, M. J. y Morales-Romo, N. (2022). Online identity construction in younger generations via identification with influencers: Potential areas of vulnerability. En J. M. Muñoz-Rodríguez (ed.), Identity in a hyperconnected society (pp. 95-107). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85788-2_7

Hoek, R. W., Rozendaal, E., Van Schie, H. T., Van Reijmersdal, E. A. y Buijzen, M. (2020). Testing the effectiveness of a disclosure in activating children’s advertising literacy in the context of embedded advertising in vlogs. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(451), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00451

Horton, D. y Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction. Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 19(3), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049

Leiner, M., De la Rosa, J. M. y De Vargas, C. (2024). The virtual kidnapping of youth by social media advertising. Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized Medicine, 14(1), e140105. https://doi.org/10.7363/140105

Livingstone, S. y Helsper, E. J. (2006). Does advertising literacy mediate the effect of advertising on children? A critical examination of two linked research literatures in relation to obesity and food choice. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 560-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00301.x

López-Martínez, A., Sádaba, C. y Feijoo, B. (2024). Exposición de los adolescentes al marketing de influencers sobre alimentación y cuidado corporal. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, 57, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2024.57.e863

Lou, C., Ma, W. y Feng, Y. (2020). A sponsorship disclosure is not enough? How advertising literacy intervention affects consumer reactions to sponsored influencer posts. Journal of Promotion Management, 27(2), 278-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2020.1829771

Núñez-Cansado, M., López-López, A. y Somarriba-Arechavala, N. (2021). Publicidad encubierta en los kidsfluencers: Una propuesta metodológica aplicada al estudio de caso de los diez youtubers menores con más seguidores de España. Profesional de la Información, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.19

Ragelienè, T. (2016). Links of adolescents identity development and relationship with peers: A systematic literature review. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(2), 97-105. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4879949/pdf/ccap25_p0097.pdf

Real Decreto Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, por el que se regulan los requisitos a efectos de ser considerado usuario de especial relevancia de los servicios de intercambio de vídeos a través de plataforma. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2024/05/01/pdfs/BOE-A-2024-8716.pdf

Real Decreto Ley 444/2024, de 30 de abril, por el que se regulan los requisitos a efectos de ser considerado usuario de especial relevancia de los servicios de intercambio de vídeos a través de plataforma, en desarrollo del artículo 94 de la Ley 13/2022, de 7 de julio, General de Comunicación Audiovisual. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2024-8716#:~:text=A-2024-8716-,Real%20Decreto%20444/2024,%20de%2030%20de%20abril,%20por,julio,%20General%20de%20Comunicaci%C3%B3n%20Audiovisual.

Reglamento (UE) 2022/2065, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 19 de octubre de 2022, relativo a un mercado único de servicios digitales y por el que se modifica la Directiva 2000/31/CE. Reglamento de Servicios Digitales (Digital Services Act). http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj

Reinikainen, H., Munnukka, J., Maity, D. y Luoma-aho, V. (2020). ‘You really are a great big sister’: Parasocial relationships, credibility, and the moderating role of audience comments in influencer marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 36(3-4), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1708781

Rozendaal, E., Buijzen, M. y Van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2022). Persuasive messages and the development of advertising literacy in children and adolescents. En D. Lemish (ed.), The Routledge international handbook of children, adolescents, and media (pp. 302-310). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003118824

Rozendaal, E., Lapierre, M. A., Van Reijmersdal, E. A. y Buijzen, M. (2011). Reconsidering advertising literacy as a defense against advertising effects. Media Psychology, 14(4), 333-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2011.620540

Rozendaal, E., Opree, S. J. y Buijzen, M. (2016). Development and validation of a survey instrument to measure children’s advertising literacy. Media Psychology, 19(1), 72-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.885843

Stehr, P., Rössler, P., Leissner, L. y Schönhardt, F. (2015). Media personalities’ influence within parasocial relations: Theoretical conceptualization and preliminary results. International Journal of Communication, 9, 982-1001. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2717/1350

Swart, J. (2021). Experiencing algorithms: How young people understand, feel about, and engage with algorithmic news selection on social media. Social Media + Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211008828

Sweeney, E., Lawlor, M. A. y Brady, M. (2021). Teenagers’ moral advertising literacy in an influencer marketing context. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 54-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2021.1964227

Tsang, M. M., Ho, S. C. y Liang, T. P. (2004). Consumer attitudes toward mobile advertising: An empirical study. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8(3), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2004.11044301

Van Reijmersdal, E. A. y Van Dam, S. (2020). How age and disclosures of sponsored influencer videos affect adolescents’ knowledge of persuasion and persuasion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 1531-1544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01191-z

Vanwesenbeeck, I., Ponnet, K. y Walrave, M. (2016). Young adolescents’ advertising literacy and purchase intention in social network games: Influence of perspective taking and need for cognition. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1596

Vizcaíno-Verdú, A., De Casas-Moreno, P. y Jaramillo-Dent, D. (2022). Thanks for joining our life: Intimacy as performativity on YouTube parenting vlogs. Profesional de la Información, 31(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.jul.07

Vizcaíno-Verdú, A., Feijoo, B. y Sádaba, C. (2024). ‘Influencers are just mannequins’: Decoding teenagers’ perception about advertising content creators. European Journal of Communication, 40(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231241272021

Voorveld, H. A. M., Meppelink, C. S. y Boerman, S. C. (2024). Consumers’ persuasion knowledge of algorithms in social media advertising: Identifying consumer groups based on awareness, appropriateness, and coping ability. International Journal of Advertising, 43(6), 960-986. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2023.2264045

Yuan, S. y Lou, C. (2020). How social media influencers foster relationships with followers: The roles of source credibility and fairness in parasocial relationship and product interest. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20(2), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1769514

Zarouali, B., Verdoodt, V., Walrave, M., Poels, K., Ponnet, K. y Lievens, E. (2020). Adolescents’ advertising literacy and privacy protection strategies in the context of targeted advertising on social networking sites: Implications for regulation. Young Consumers, 21(3), 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-04-2020-1122

Zozaya-Durazo, L., Feijoo, B. y Sádaba, C. (2022). Analysis of the ability of minors in Spain to recognize commercial content published by influencers. Revista de Comunicación, 21(2), 307-319. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.2-2022-A15

Zozaya-Durazo, L., Feijoo, B. y Sádaba, C. (2023). The role that influencers play in consumption decisions made by Spanish minors. Doxa Comunicación, 36, 401-413. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n36a1685

Publicado

2025-07-31

Cómo citar

Vizcaíno-Verdú, A., & Feijoo, B. (2025). Desvelar vínculos parasociales: la mediación de la alfabetización publicitaria en la receptividad adolescente ante el marketing de influencers. Palabra Clave, 28(2), e2827. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2025.28.2.7

Número

Sección

Artículos

Datos de los fondos